FRANCE

Physical geography
France is the largest country in Western Europe (640,679 km²). It is hexagon-shaped. There are seas on three sides: the North Sea, the English Channel, the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean. Plains and rolling hills are the most common landforms in France. The country is part of a tempered zone with three different climatic regions: oceanic, continental and Mediterranean.

Iconic place
Versailles was the residence of Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI. The King and his court resided there permanently from 1682 until 1789.  

Iconic object
The beret is a soft, round, flat-crowned hat, usually of wool. Its production began in the 19th century.

Something the country has done for the world
Charles Marie de La Condamine discovered natural rubber and latex in 1736. Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms it has a large stretch ratio, high resistance, and it is extremely waterproof.

Famous historical figure
Charles de Gaulle, on June the 18th 1940, broadcast on the BBC in London his famous call to the French, telling them to resist the occupation of France.

Important living person
Brigitte Bardot became famous for her voluptuous figure and successful acting career. She was born in 1934.

History before 2000
Celtic Gaul was conquered by Julius Caesar in the first century BC. France gets its name from the Franks, a Germanic people who settled there from the fifth century. The first king of France was Clovis (500 BC). From the early 17th century to the first half of the 20th century, it had a vast colonial empire. France suffered much during the 1st and 2nd World Wars. From the 1950s, it became one of the major actors in the construction of the European Union. In 1958, a new republic was set up: the Vth Republic.

History after 2000
In 2000, France won the Europe football Cup. France adopted the European currency, the Euro, in 2002. On the 7th of January 2015, there was a terrorist attack on Charlie Hebdo, the satirical newspaper.

Human geography
The population of France is 66,917,994. It is the 21st most populated country in the world and the third most populated in Europe. Most French people are of Celtic (Gaulish) origin, with a mixture of Latin (Romans) and Germanic (Franks) groups. France remains a major destination for immigrants, accepting about 200,000 legal immigrants annually. In its assessment of world health care systems in 2000, the World Health Organization found that France provided the "close to best overall health care" in the world.

Languages and cultures
French is the language spoken overwhelmingly in France, and is officially "the language of the Republic" since the Constitution Act of 1992. However, 75 other languages, other than French, are spoken in France, including regional languages, languages of immigrants and dialects spoken in the overseas colonies. France has a rich architectural heritage, witness to a long history and mix of different cultural origins. It has also a rich artistic and literary heritage.

Political system, economy
The capital of France is Paris. In 1951, France (with 5 other countries) created the European Coal and Steel Community. Then those 6 countries created the European Economic Community in 1957 (precursor of the European Union). France is a republic with a liberal democracy. Since 1990, the two main political parties in France are the Socialist Party and the Republican Party. Since 2012, the president is François Hollande. France is going through a difficult economic situation.

Youth
Contrary to common belief, French youth is not indifferent and lazy. Young people are faced with serious problems such as unemployment and they try to find ways to improve their situation and their future by engaging in politics. At the same time, young people are looking for ways to escape temporary problems of society and so there is a problem of alcohol, abuse, etc.

Article by Rebecca FORREST-EVANS

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